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Pancreatic cancer
The pancreas is responsible for producing
the hormone insulin, along with other substances. It also
plays a key role in the digestion of protein. There were an
estimated 27,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer in the US
in 1997, with 28,100 deaths from the disease.
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About 90% of human pancreatic carcinomas
show a loss of part of chromosome 18. In 1996, a possible
tumor suppressor gene, DPC4 (Smad4), was discovered from the
section that is lost in pancreatic cancer, so may play a role
in pancreatic cancer. There is a whole family of Smad proteins
in vertebrates, all involved in signal transduction of transforming
growth factor b (TGFb) related pathways. Other tumor suppressor
genes include p53 and Rb, which, if mutated or absent from
the genome can contribute to cancerous growth in a variety
of tissues.
DPC4 (Smad4) homologs exist in the worm
(Caenorhabditis elegans), mouse and the fly (Drosophila).
In Drosophila, when the gene is not present, there a number
of developmental defects. Likewise, homozygous Smad4 mutant
mouse embryos die before embryonic day 7.5, and have reduced
size because of reduced cell proliferation. Research on these
model organisms should help elucidate the role of Smad4 and
related proteins in humans.
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