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Obesity
Obesity is an excess of body fat that frequently
results in a significant impairment of health. Doctors generally
agree that men with more than 25% body fat and women with
more than 30% are obese. Obesity is a known risk factor for
chronic diseases including heart disease, diabetes, high blood
pressure, stroke and some forms of cancer. Evidence suggests
that obesity has more than one cause: genetic, environmental,
psychological and other factors may all play a part.
The hormone leptin, produced by adipocytes
(fat cells), was discovered about three years ago in mice.
Subsequently the human Ob gene was mapped to chromosome 7.
Leptin is thought to act as a lipostat: as the amount of fat
stored in adipocytes rises, leptin is released into the blood
and signals to the brain that the body has enough to eat.
However, most overweight people have high levels of leptin
in their bloodstream, indicating that other molecules also
effect feelings of satiety and contribute to the regulation
of body weight.
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The discovery of leptin has initiated a
flurry of research into the molecular basis of weight control.
A whole network of signals contributes to weight homeostasis,
and other key players are being discovered on an ongoing basis.
Mice have proved to be an extremely useful model for human
obesity, and have helped to begin to unravel the components
that contribute to maintaining body weight. Since the market
for effective weight-reducing therapies is enormous, drug
companies are working alongside basic scientists to find possible
drug targets among the tangle of molecules that control body
weight.
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