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Gamma globulin:

A protein which is part of the immune-system.

Gangrene:

the death of body tissue, most often caused by a lack of blood flow and infection. It can lead to amputation.

Gastroparesis:

a form of neuropathy that affects the stomach. Digestion of food may be incomplete or delayed, resulting in nausea, vomiting, or bloating, making blood glucose control difficult.

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM):

a type of diabetes mellitus that develops only during pregnancy and usually disappears upon delivery, but increases the risk that the mother will develop diabetes later. GDM is managed with meal planning, activity, and, in some cases, insulin.

Gingivitis:

a condition of the gums characterized by inflammation and bleeding.

Gland:

a group of cells that secrete substances. Endocrine glands secrete hormones. Exocrine glands secrete salt, enzymes, and water.

Glargine insulin:

very-long-acting insulin. On average, glargine insulin starts to lower blood glucose levels within 1 hour after injection and keeps working evenly for 24 hours after injection.

Glaucoma:

an increase in fluid pressure inside the eye that may lead to loss of vision.

Glimepiride:

an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. Belongs to the class of medicines called sulfonylureas. (Brand name

Glipizide:

an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. Belongs to the class of medicines called sulfonylureas. (Brand names

Glomerular filtration rate:

measure of the kidney's ability to filter and remove waste products.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR):

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A calculation of how efficiently the kidneys are filtering wastes from the blood. A traditional GFR calculation requires an injection into the bloodstream of a fluid that is later measured in a 24-hour urine collection. A modified GFR calculation requires only that the creatinine in a blood sample be measured. Each laboratory has its own normal range for measurements. Generally, the normal range for men is 97 to 137 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area. The normal range for women is 88 to 128 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Glomeruli:

Plural of glomerulus.

Glomerulonephritis:

Inflammation of the glomeruli. Most often, it is caused by an autoimmune disease, but it can also result from infection.

Glomerulosclerosis:

Scarring of the glomeruli. It may result from diabetes mellitus (diabetic glomerulosclerosis) or from deposits in parts of the glomeruli (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common signs of glomerulosclerosis are proteinuria and chronic kidney disease.

Glomerulus:

A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney.

Glucagon:

a hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas. It raises blood glucose. An injectable form of glucagon, available by prescription, may be used to treat severe hypoglycemia.

Glucophage, Glucophage XR:

see metformin.

Glucose:

one of the simplest forms of sugar.

Glucose tablets:

chewable tablets made of pure glucose used for treating hypoglycemia.

Glucose tolerance test:

see oral glucose tolerance test.

Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL:

see glipizide.

Glucovance:

an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is a combination of glyburide and metformin.

Glyburide:

an oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. Belongs to the class of medicines called sulfonylureas. (Brand names

Glycemic index:

a ranking of carbohydrate-containing foods, based on the food's effect on blood glucose compared with a standard reference food.

Glycogen:

the form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.

Glycosuria:

the presence of glucose in the urine.

Glycosylated hemoglobin:

see A1C.

Glynase PresTab:

see glyburide.

Glyset:

see miglitol.

Goodpasture syndrome:

An uncommon disease that usually includes bleeding from the lungs, coughing up of blood, and inflammation of the kidneys that can lead to kidney failure. This condition is an autoimmune disease.

Gram:

a unit of weight in the metric system. An ounce equals 28 grams. In some meal plans for people with diabetes, the suggested amounts of food are given in grams.

Granulocyte:

A white blood cell used to fight bacterial infection.