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50/50 insulin:

Premixed insulin that is 50 percent intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin and 50 percent short-acting (regular) insulin.

70/30 insulin:

premixed insulin that is 70 percent intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin and 30 percent short-acting (regular) insulin.

A1C (HbA1C):

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A test that measures a person's average blood glucose level over the past 2 to 3 months. Hemoglobin is the part of a red blood cell that carries oxygen to the cells and sometimes joins with the glucose in the bloodstream. Also called hemoglobin A1C or glycosylated hemoglobin, the test shows the amount of glucose that sticks to the red blood cell, which is proportional to the amount of glucose in the blood.

Acanthosis nigricans:

a skin condition characterized by darkened skin patches common in people whose body is not responding correctly to the insulin that they make in their pancreas (insulin resistance). This skin condition is also seen in people who have pre-diabetes or type-2 diabetes.'

Acanthosis nigricans:

A skin condition characterized by darkened skin patches common in people whose body is not responding correctly to the insulin that they make in their pancreas (insulin resistance). This skin condition is also seen in people who have pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes.'

Acarbose:

An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It blocks the enzymes that digest starches in food. The result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. (Brand name

Acarbose:

An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It blocks the enzymes that digest starches in food. The result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after meals. Belongs to the class of medicines called alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. (Brand name

ACE inhibitor:

An oral medicine that lowers blood pressure; ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme. For people with diabetes, especially those who have protein (albumin) in the urine, it also helps slow down kidney damage.'

Acesulfame potassium:

A dietary sweetener with no calories and no nutritional value. Also known as acesulfame-K. (Brand name

Acetohexamide:

An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. Belongs to the class of medicines called sulfonylureas. (Brand name

Acute:

Acute often means urgent. An acute disease happens suddenly. It lasts a short time. Acute is the opposite of chronic, or long lasting.

Acute renal failure:

Sudden and temporary loss of kidney function. (See also chronic kidney disease.)

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN):

A severe form of acute renal failure that develops in people with severe illnesses like infections or with low blood pressure. Patients may need dialysis. Kidney function often improves if the underlying disease is successfully treated.

Adenocarcinoma:

Glandular cancers like breast, pancreas, colon, thyroid, lungs.

Adenoma:

Benign glandular tumors

Adhesive capsulitis:

a condition of the shoulder associated with diabetes that results in pain and loss of the ability to move the shoulder in all directions.

Adhesive capsulitis:

a condition of the shoulder associated with diabetes that results in pain and loss of the ability to move the shoulder in all directions.

Adult-onset diabetes:

former term for type 2 diabetes.

Adult-onset diabetes:

former term for type 2 diabetes.

AGEs:

stands for advanced glycosylation endproducts. AGEs are produced in the body when glucose links with protein. They play a role in damaging blood vessels, which can lead to diabetes complications.

Albuminuria:

More than normal amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine. Albuminuria may be a sign of kidney disease.

Allograft:

An organ or tissue transplant from one human to another

Alopecia:

Loss of hair (a common side-effect of chemotherapy)

alpha cell:

a type of cell in the pancreas. Alpha cells make and release a hormone called glucagon. The body sends a signal to the alpha cells to make glucagon when blood glucose falls too low. Then glucagon reaches the liver where it tells it to release glucose into the blood for energy.

alpha-glucosidase inhibitor:

a class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that blocks enzymes that digest starches in food. The result is a slower and lower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after meals. (Generic names

Alport syndrome:

An inherited condition that results in kidney disease. It generally develops during early childhood and is more serious in boys than in girls. The condition can lead to end-stage renal disease, as well as hearing and vision problems. The common symptoms of this condition are chronic blood and protein in the urine.

Amaryl:

see glimepiride.

Amylin:

a hormone formed by beta cells in the pancreas. Amylin regulates the timing of glucose release into the bloodstream after eating by slowing the emptying of the stomach.

Amyloidosis:

A condition in which a protein-like material builds up in one or more organs. This material cannot be broken down and interferes with the normal function of that organ. In kidneys, amyloidosis can lead to proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, and kidney failure.

Amyotrophy:

a type of neuropathy resulting in pain, weakness, and/or wasting in the muscles.

Analgesic-associated kidney disease:

Loss of kidney function that results from long-term use of analgesic (pain-relieving) medications. Analgesics that combine aspirin and acetaminophen are most dangerous to the kidneys.

Androgens:

Male sex hormones

Anemia:

The condition of having too few red blood cells. Healthy red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. If the blood is low on red blood cells, the body does not get enough oxygen. People with anemia may be tired and pale and may feel their heartbeat change. Anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease or those on dialysis. (See also erythropoietin.)

Angiogenesis:

Cancers produce chemicals to stimulate growth of new blood vessels.

Angiography:

X-ray pictures of blood vessels.

Angiopathy:

any disease of the blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries) or lymphatic vessels.

Antibodies:

Proteins made by the body to protect itself from ''foreign'' substances such as bacteria or viruses. People get type 1 diabetes when their bodies make antibodies that destroy the body's own insulin-making beta cells.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

A natural body chemical that slows down the urine flow. Some children who wet their beds regularly may lack normal amounts of antidiuretic hormone.

Antigens:

Foreign substances that produce an immune response

Anuria:

A condition in which the person stops making urine.

ARB:

An oral medicine that lowers blood pressure; ARB stands for angiotensin receptor blocker.'

Arteriosclerosis:

Hardening of the arteries

Arteriovenous (AV) fistula:

Surgical connection of an artery directly to a vein, usually in the forearm, created in patients who will need hemodialysis (see dialysis). The AV fistula causes the vein to grow thicker, allowing the repeated needle insertions required for hemodialysis.

Artery:

Large blood vessel that carries blood with oxygen from the heart to all parts of the body.

aspart insulin:

a rapid-acting insulin. On average, aspart insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 10 to 20 minutes after injection. It has its strongest effect 1 to 3 hours after injection but keeps working for 3 to 5 hours after injection.

Aspartame:

A dietary sweetener with almost no calories and no nutritional value. (Brand names

Atherosclerosis:

Clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels. Atherosclerosis can lead to stroke, heart attack, eye problems, and kidney problems.

Autoimmune disease:

Disorder of the body's immune system in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys body tissue that it believes to be foreign. Examples are Goodpasture syndrome and lupus erythematosus (see lupus nephritis).

Autonomic neuropathy:

a type of neuropathy affecting the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder, or genitals.

Avandia:

see rosiglitazone.

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